(b) ‘costs arising from the arbitration’ means the fees and costs of the arbitration tribunal and the costs of representation and expenses awarded to the claimant by the arbitration tribunal;

(b) ‘costs arising from the arbitration’ means the fees and costs of the arbitration tribunal, arbitration institution and the costs of representation and expenses awarded to the claimant by the arbitration tribunal;

3. Points out that as a result of this development public procurers often have to prioritise legal certainty above policy needs and, given the pressure on public budgets, frequently have to award the contract or service in question to the cheapest offer rather than the most economically advantageous tender; is afraid that this will weaken the EU's innovative base and global competitiveness; urges the Commission to remedy this situation and to develop strategic measures to encourage and empower public procurers to award contracts to the most economical, highest-quality offers;

Many federal laws allow the courts to set and award costs, but it is less common for them to enable interveners to recover costs.

Finally, provincial public service regulatory bodies have the regulatory power to award costs to interveners. These bodies include the Ontario Energy Board, the Alberta Utilities Board, the Régie de l'énergie du Québec, and the British Columbia Utilities Commission.

In one case, that of the Civil Aviation Tribunal, the legislation states that no costs are to be awarded.