whereas some Member States have unilaterally introduced Controlled Foreign Corporation (CFC) rules, in order to adequately ensure that profits parked in low or no tax countries are effectively taxed; whereas those rules need to be coordinated in order to prevent the diversity of national CFC rules within the Union from distorting the functioning of the internal market;

(iv) whereas some Member States have unilaterally introduced Controlled Foreign Corporation (CFC) rules, in order to adequately ensure that profits parked in low or no tax countries are effectively taxed; whereas those rules need to be coordinated in order to prevent the diversity of national CFC rules within the Union from distorting the functioning of the internal market;

whereas some Member States have unilaterally introduced Controlled Foreign Corporation (CFC) rules, in order to adequately ensure that profits parked in low or no tax countries are effectively taxed; whereas those rules need to be coordinated in order to prevent the diversity of national CFC rules within the Union from distorting the functioning of the internal market;

121. Calls on the Commission to issue clear legislation on the definition of economic substance, value creation and permanent establishment, with a view to tackling, in particular, the issue of letterbox companies, and to develop EU criteria and legislation for the treatment of R&D, compatible with, but not limited to, the work of the OECD on the matter, since Member States are currently reforming their strategy in that regard, often cumulatively with subsidies; stresses that such legislation should clearly indicate that there must be a direct link between the preferential regimes granted by the tax administration and the underlying R&D activities; calls on the Commission to revise EU legislation on ...[+++]controlled foreign companies and its application in accordance with the Cadbury Schweppes judgment of the European Court of Justice (C-196/04) in order to ensure full use of controlled foreign companies beyond situations of wholly artificial arrangements to avoid cases of double non-taxation; calls on the Commission to make proposals for harmonising rules on controlled foreign companies in the EU;

119. Calls on the Commission to issue clear legislation on the definition of economic substance, value creation and permanent establishment, with a view to tackling, in particular, the issue of letterbox companies, and to develop EU criteria and legislation for the treatment of RD, compatible with, but not limited to, the work of the OECD on the matter, since Member States are currently reforming their strategy in that regard, often cumulatively with subsidies; stresses that such legislation should clearly indicate that there must be a direct link between the preferential regimes granted by the tax administration and the underlying RD activities; calls on the Commission to revise EU legislation on ...[+++]controlled foreign companies and its application in accordance with the Cadbury Schweppes judgment of the European Court of Justice (C-196/04) in order to ensure full use of controlled foreign companies beyond situations of wholly artificial arrangements to avoid cases of double non-taxation; calls on the Commission to make proposals for harmonising rules on controlled foreign companies in the EU;

In order to counteract tax avoidance, the United Kingdom legislation on ‘controlled foreign companies’ (CFCs) provides for the inclusion in the tax base of a United Kingdom resident parent company the profits made by a controlled subsidiary established in another Member State, even though they were not received by the parent company.