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Definition: This category differs from others in that it includes disorders identifiable on the basis of not only symptoms and course but also the existence of one or other of two causative influences: an exceptionally stressful life event producing an acute stress reaction, or a significant life change leading to continued unpleasant circumstances that result in an adjustment disorder. Although less severe psychosocial stress ( life events ) may precipitate the onset or contribute to the presentation of a very wide range of disorders classified elsewhere in this chapter, its etiological importance is not always clear and in each case wi ...[+++]ll be found to depend on individual, often idiosyncratic, vulnerability, i.e. the life events are neither necessary nor sufficient to explain the occurrence and form of the disorder. In contrast, the disorders brought together here are thought to arise always as a direct consequence of acute severe stress or continued trauma. The stressful events or the continuing unpleasant circumstances are the primary and overriding causal factor and the disorder would not have occurred without their impact. The disorders in this section can thus be regarded as maladaptive responses to severe or continued stress, in that they interfere with successful coping mechanisms and therefore lead to problems of social functioning.

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Definition: These may take the form of ideas, mental images, or impulses to act, which are nearly always distressing to the subject. Sometimes the ideas are an indecisive, endless consideration of alternatives, associated with an inability to make trivial but necessary decisions in day-to-day living. The relationship between obsessional ruminations and depression is particularly close and a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder should be preferred only if ruminations arise or persist in the absence of a depressive episode.

Definition: The essential feature is recurrent attacks of severe anxiety (panic), which are not restricted to any particular situation or set of circumstances and are therefore unpredictable. As with other anxiety disorders, the dominant symptoms include sudden onset of palpitations, chest pain, choking sensations, dizziness, and feelings of unreality (depersonalization or derealization). There is often also a secondary fear of dying, losing control, or going mad. Panic disorder should not be given as the main diagnosis if the patient has a depressive disorder at the time the attacks start; in these circumstances the panic attacks are p ...[+++]robably secondary to depression. | Panic:attack | state

Point (16) of Article 2(2) of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1033/2006 refers to definitions laid down in Volume 1 of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aircraft Operations (PANS-OPS, Doc 8168) and more specifically to its fifth edition of 2006 incorporating Amendment No 6.

The Annex to Regulation (EC) No 1033/2006 refers to provisions laid down in the ICAO Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM, Doc 4444), and more specifically to its 15th edition of 2007 incorporating Amendment 4.

The Annex to Regulation (EC) No 1033/2006 refers to provisions laid down in the ICAO Annex 2 — Rules of the Air, and more specifically to its 10th edition of July 2005 including all amendments up to No 42.

Article 2(2)(16) of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1033/2006 refers to definitions laid down in Volume 1 of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aircraft Operations (PANS-OPS, Doc 8168) and more specifically to its fourth edition of 1993, which incorporates Amendment No 13.