economic exposure

Shadow pricing of exchange rate

shadow pricing of exchange rate

currency hedge transaction | currency hedging | currency-hedge transaction | currency-hedged transaction

financial risk [ credit risk | default risk | exchange risk | foreign exchange rate risk | interest rate risk | liquidity risk | loan risk | macroprudential risk | market risk | sovereign risk | systematic risk | systemic risk ]

exchange risk cover | protection against exchange risks

foreign exchange risk [ foreign currency risk | foreign currency exposure | exchange rate risk | exchange risk | currency risk | currency exposure | cross currency exchange risk ]

Definition: A disorder characterized by repeated episodes of depression as described for depressive episode (F32.-), without any history of independent episodes of mood elevation and increased energy (mania). There may, however, be brief episodes of mild mood elevation and overactivity (hypomania) immediately after a depressive episode, sometimes precipitated by antidepressant treatment. The more severe forms of recurrent depressive disorder (F33.2 and F33.3) have much in common with earlier concepts such as manic-depressive depression, melancholia, vital depression and endogenous depression. The first episode may occur at any age from childhood to old age, the onset may be either acute or insidious, and the duration varies from a few weeks to many mo ...[+++]nths. The risk that a patient with recurrent depressive disorder will have an episode of mania never disappears completely, however many depressive episodes have been experienced. If such an episode does occur, the diagnosis should be changed to bipolar affective disorder (F31.-). | recurrent episodes of:depressive reaction | psychogenic depression | reactive depression | seasonal depressive disorder

currency overlay

business risk | commercial risk | trading risk | trading venture | mercantile risk

What is more important is that economically and politically it has changed and is moving into being a significant player on many scenes.

Water scarcity is projected to become a major problem with almost half the world's population living in areas of high water stress by 2030[11]; New risks are emerging with potentially highly disruptive consequences (space weather related events, multi-risk events such as the 2011 Fukushima triple disaster, risks in a digital and high-tech era, including cyber risks); Extensive risk events (small scale, highly frequent, and localised events such as flash floods, fires and landslides) are often underestimated and under-reported but they nevertheless undermine local development as well as national competitiveness; ...[+++]Economies are globalised and increasingly structured around complex global supply chains; as demonstrated by the 2011 Floods in Thailand the economic shock of a disaster can ripple out to economies and businesses on the other side of the world; Economic and financial downturn puts pressure on national budgets to secure disaster risk management funding.

In particular, consideration should be given to whether an OTC derivative contract is economically appropriate for the reduction of risks in the conduct and management of a non-financial counterparty, where the risks relate to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, inflation rates or commodity prices.

Question No. 419 Ms. Kirsty Duncan: With respect to the risk of corrosion and spills and other safety concerns arising from the transport of bitumen in pipelines, and to government action to address these risks: (a) how does diluted bitumen compare with West Texas Intermediate (WTI) in terms of (i) abrasive material content, (ii) acid concentration, (iii) sulphur content, (iv) viscosity; (b) to what extent is diluted bitumen more likely than WTI to cause corrosion or erosion in the pipelines through which they respectively flow; (c) ...[+++] what is the composition of diluted bitumen in Canada; (d) what are all of the volatile chemicals, persistent organic pollutants or carcinogenic substances present in diluted bitumen in Canada; (e) in the process of diluting bitumen in Canada, what are the (i) natural gas condensates used, (ii) other petroleum products used; (f) what is the process by which diluted bitumen corrodes pipelines, with specific reference to (i) abrasion, (ii) friction, (iii) high pressure, (iv) settling of sediment, (v) velocity, (vi) sulphur-reducing bacteria, (vii) other significant factors; (g) for all proposed or existing National Energy Board (NEB)-regulated pipelines, what is (i) the amount of hard sediment passing through the pipeline annually, (ii) the average pressure, (iii) the average temperature; (h) what, if any, (i) research, (ii) action, (iii) investment has the government undertaken to determine whether diluted bitumen can flow safely through pipelines; (i) what, if any, (i) research, (ii) action, (iii) investment has the government undertaken to determine whether or not conventional crude should be distinguished from diluted bitumen when setting minimum standards for pipelines; (j) what, if any, (i) research, (ii) action, (iii) investment has the government undertaken to design safety and spill responses and spill liability management capabilities that are appropriate specifically to diluted bitumen; (k) how does a diluted bitumen sp ...