Nor should it apply to collective management organisations which merely aggregate rights in the same works for the purpose of being able to license jointly both the right of reproduction and the right of communication to the public in respect of such works.

25. Calls on the Commission to ensure that Community assistance in heading 4 is not given to any government or organisation or programme which supports or participates in the management of a programme which involves human rights abuses, such as coercive abortion or involuntary sterilisation or infanticide since this implements the specific Cairo ICPD prohibition on coercion or compulsion in sexual and reproductive health matters;

A workable distinction is that a patent protects the practical application of knowledge, ideas or know-how, whereas copyright is not concerned with practical effects, but rather protects the expression of works (in the case of software, the code, in whatever form) against unauthorised reproduction or commercial exploitation.

(33) The exclusive right of reproduction should be subject to an exception to allow certain acts of temporary reproduction, which are transient or incidental reproductions, forming an integral and essential part of a technological process and carried out for the sole purpose of enabling either efficient transmission in a network between third parties by an intermediary, or a lawful use of a work or other subject-matter to be made.

(c) reproduction by the press, communication to the public or making available of published articles on current economic, political or religious topics or of broadcast works or other subject-matter of the same character, in cases where such use is not expressly reserved, and as long as the source, including the author's name, is indicated, or use of works or other subject-matter in connection with the reporting of current events, to the extent justified by the informatory purpose and as long as the source, including the author's name, is indicated, unless this turns out to be impossible.

Thus the limitation of the copying by technical means of right holders' works, the introduction of a rental right for audiovisual works, the introduction of a series of anti-piracy measures and the freedom for Member States to maintain or introduce levies should all contribute to an enhancement of right holders' revenues.