Definition: This category differs from others in that it includes disorders identifiable on the basis of not only symptoms and course but also the existence of one or other of two causative influences: an exceptionally stressful life event producing an acute stress reaction, or a significant life change leading to continued unpleasant circumstances that result in an adjustment disorder. Although less severe psychosocial stress ( life events ) may precipitate the onset or contribute to the presentation of a very wide range of disorders classified elsewhere in this chapter, its etiological importance is not always clear and in each case will be found to depend on individual, often idiosyncratic, vulnerability, i.e. the life events are neither ...[+++] necessary nor sufficient to explain the occurrence and form of the disorder. In contrast, the disorders brought together here are thought to arise always as a direct consequence of acute severe stress or continued trauma. The stressful events or the continuing unpleasant circumstances are the primary and overriding causal factor and the disorder would not have occurred without their impact. The disorders in this section can thus be regarded as maladaptive responses to severe or continued stress, in that they interfere with successful coping mechanisms and therefore lead to problems of social functioning.

Autoprothrombin III

Definition: States of subjective distress and emotional disturbance, usually interfering with social functioning and performance, arising in the period of adaptation to a significant life change or a stressful life event. The stressor may have affected the integrity of an individual's social network (bereavement, separation experiences) or the wider system of social supports and values (migration, refugee status), or represented a major developmental transition or crisis (going to school, becoming a parent, failure to attain a cherished personal goal, retirement). Individual predisposition or vulnerability plays an important role in the ...[+++]risk of occurrence and the shaping of the manifestations of adjustment disorders, but it is nevertheless assumed that the condition would not have arisen without the stressor. The manifestations vary and include depressed mood, anxiety or worry (or mixture of these), a feeling of inability to cope, plan ahead, or continue in the present situation, as well as some degree of disability in 9the performance of daily routine. Conduct disorders may be an associated feature, particularly in adolescents. The predominant feature may be a brief or prolonged depressive reaction, or a disturbance of other emotions and conduct. | Culture shock Grief reaction Hospitalism in children

Definition: A transient disorder that develops in an individual without any other apparent mental disorder in response to exceptional physical and mental stress and that usually subsides within hours or days. Individual vulnerability and coping capacity play a role in the occurrence and severity of acute stress reactions. The symptoms show a typically mixed and changing picture and include an initial state of daze with some constriction of the field of consciousness and narrowing of attention, inability to comprehend stimuli, and disorientation. This state may be followed either by further withdrawal from the surrounding situation (to th ...[+++]e extent of a dissociative stupor - F44.2), or by agitation and over-activity (flight reaction or fugue). Autonomic signs of panic anxiety (tachycardia, sweating, flushing) are commonly present. The symptoms usually appear within minutes of the impact of the stressful stimulus or event, and disappear within two to three days (often within hours). Partial or complete amnesia (F44.0) for the episode may be present. If the symptoms persist, a change in diagnosis should be considered. | Acute:crisis reaction | reaction to stress | Combat fatigue Crisis state Psychic shock

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Economic factors and professional demands provide a clear agenda, but issues relating to personal identity and the development of mutual understanding are also key factors.

By identifying, disseminating and promoting the up-take of validated best practices for cost-effective prevention measures focused on the key risk factors, namely smoking, harmful use of alcohol, an unhealthy diet, a sedentary lifestyle and obesity, drug use, and environmental factors, as well as communicable diseases, the Programme will contribute to prevent diseases and promote good health, operating within a gender-sensitive framework, also bearing in mind underlying factors of a social nature, as well as the impact on health of ce ...[+++]rtain disabilities.

6. Stresses the fact that the findings of the mid-term evaluation of the MEDA II Programme and of the Court of Auditors on implementation and management effectiveness and efficiency – "improving but still not fully satisfactory" – cannot by themselves explain the differences in MEDA performance between countries and programmes; notes that external factors (financial regulation, governance, cultural factors) clearly play an important role in explaining the observed differences in speed of change and in financial disbursement patterns; ...[+++] invites the Commission to take these factors into consideration in its planning and in implementation, monitoring and evaluation;

6. Stresses the fact that the findings of the mid-term evaluation of the MEDA II Programme and of the Court of Auditors on implementation and management effectiveness and efficiency – "improving but still not fully satisfactory" – cannot by themselves explain the differences in MEDA performance between countries and programmes; notes that external factors (financial regulation, governance, cultural factors) clearly play an important role in explaining the observed differences in speed of change and in financial disbursement patterns; ...[+++] invites the Commission to take these factors into consideration in its planning and in implementation, monitoring and evaluation;