20. Notes that research by the IMF covering 51 countries concludes that profit shifting between tax jurisdictions results in an average revenue loss of about 5 % of current corporate income tax revenue – but of almost 13 % in non-OECD countries; notes also that, according to the Commission, econometric evidence shows that FDI’s sensitivity to corporate taxation has increased over time; underlines the fact that, according to a study, an estimated EUR 1 trillion of potential tax revenue is lost each year through the combined effect of tax fraud, tax evasion, including the shadow economy, and tax avoidance in the EU , and that estimates point to yearly losses ...[+++] to national budgets of around EUR 50-70 billion as a result of tax avoidance, but that these revenue losses across the EU could in reality amount to around EUR 160-190 billion if special tax arrangements, inefficiencies in collection and other such activities were taken into account ; whereas the UN Commission for Trade and Development has calculated that developing countries lose around USD 100 billion per year in revenues through tax avoidance by MNCs; stresses that these figures should be considered with caution and may underestimate the actual losses to national budgets, given the limited transparency and different accounting and conceptual frameworks around the globe, which affect the availability of comparable and meaningful data and the reliability of any estimate;

20. Notes that research by the IMF covering 51 countries concludes that profit shifting between tax jurisdictions results in an average revenue loss of about 5 % of current corporate income tax revenue – but of almost 13 % in non-OECD countries; notes also that, according to the Commission, econometric evidence shows that FDI’s sensitivity to corporate taxation has increased over time; underlines the fact that, according to a study, an estimated EUR 1 trillion of potential tax revenue is lost each year through the combined effect of tax fraud, tax evasion, including the shadow economy, and tax avoidance in the EU, and that estimates point to yearly losses ...[+++]to national budgets of around EUR 50-70 billion as a result of tax avoidance, but that these revenue losses across the EU could in reality amount to around EUR 160-190 billion if special tax arrangements, inefficiencies in collection and other such activities were taken into account; whereas the UN Commission for Trade and Development has calculated that developing countries lose around USD 100 billion per year in revenues through tax avoidance by MNCs; stresses that these figures should be considered with caution and may underestimate the actual losses to national budgets, given the limited transparency and different accounting and conceptual frameworks around the globe, which affect the availability of comparable and meaningful data and the reliability of any estimate;

EUROVOC descriptor: tax system tax on profits of self-employment corporation tax nationality of legal persons parent company subsidiary

- Company tax coordinator in the Directorate-General for Taxation from 1989 to 1995, working on the reform of company tax and ways of integrating income and company tax and representing the Spanish government in Council and Commission working groups on company tax and the European company.

Second, how to distribute tax revenues on profits between individual countries when an enterprise operates in several countries and uses a uniform profit tax calculation.

Thus, the taxation of cooperatives’ revenues and corporate tax, taxation of profits or surpluses within the hands of the co-operators and taxation of indivisible reserves still differs from one country to another.