...es. Chronic alcoholism Dipsomania Drug addiction .3 Withdrawal state A group of symptoms of variable clustering and severity occurring on absolute or relative withdrawal of a psychoactive substance after persistent use of that substance. The onset and course of the withdrawal state are time-limited and are related to the type of psychoactive substance and dose being used immediately before cessation or reduction of use. The withdrawal state may be complicated by convulsions. .4 Withdrawal state with delirium A condition where the withdrawal state as defined in the common fourth character .3 is complicated by delirium as defined in F05 ...[+++].-. Convulsions may also occur. When organic factors are also considered to play a role in the etiology, the condition should be classified to F05.8. Delirium tremens (alcohol-induced) .5 Psychotic disorder A cluster of psychotic phenomena that occur during or following psychoactive substance use but that are not explained on the basis of acute intoxication alone and do not form part of a withdrawal state. The disorder is characterized by hallucinations (typically auditory, but often in more than one sensory modality), perceptual distortions, delusions (often of a paranoid or persecutory nature), psychomotor disturbances (excitement or stupor), and an abnormal affect, which may range from intense fear to ecstasy. The sensorium is usually clear but some degree of clouding of consciousness, though not severe confusion, may be present. Alcoholic:hallucinosis | jealousy | paranoia | psychosis NOS | Excl.: alcohol- or other psychoactive substance-induced residual and late-onset psychotic disorder (F10-F19 with common fourth character .7) .6 Amnesic syndrome A syndrome associated with chronic prominent impairment of recent and remote memory. Immediate recall is usually preserved and recent memory is characteristically more disturbed than remote memory. Disturbances of time sense and ordering of events are usually evident, as are difficulties in learning new material. Confabulation may be marked but is not invariably present. Other cognitive functions are usually relatively well preserved and amnesic defects are out of proportion to other disturbances. Amnestic disorder, alcohol- or drug-induced Korsakov's psychosis or syndrome, alcohol- or other psychoactive substance-induced or unspecified Excl.: nonalcoholic Korsakov's psychosis or syndrome (F04) .7 Residual and late-onset psychotic disorder A disorder in which alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced changes of cognition, affect, personality, or behaviour persist beyond the period during which a direct psychoactive substance-related effect might reasonably be assumed to be operating. Onset of the disorder should be directly related to the use of the psychoactive substance. Cases in which initial onset of the state occurs later than episode(s) of such substance use should be coded here only where clear and strong evidence is available to attribute the state to the residual effect of the psychoactive substance. Flashbacks may be distinguished from psychotic state partly by their episodic nature, frequently of very short duration, and by their duplication of previous alcohol- or other psychoactive substance-related experiences. Alcoholic dementia NOS Chronic alcoholic brain syndrome Dementia and other milder forms of persisting impairment of cognitive functions Flashbacks Late-onset psychoactive substance-induced psychotic disorder Posthallucinogen perception disorder Residual:affective disorder | disorder of personality and behaviour | Excl.: alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced:Korsakov's syndrome (F10-F19 with common fourth character .6) | psychotic state (F10-F19 with common fourth character .5) | .8 Other mental and behavioural disorders .9 Unspecified mental and behavioural disorder | Acute drunkenness in alcoholism Bad trips (drugs) Drunkenness NOS Pathological intoxication Trance and possession disorders in psychoactive substance intoxication | Psychoactive substance abuse | Chronic alcoholism Dipsomania Drug addiction | Delirium tremens (alcohol-induced) | Alcoholic:hallucinosis | jealousy | paranoia | psychosis NOS | Amnestic disorder, alcohol- or drug-induced Korsakov's psychosis or syndrome, alcohol- or other psychoactive substance-induced or unspecified | Alcoholic dementia NOS Chronic alcoholic brain syndrome Dementia and other milder forms of persisting impairment of cognitive functions Flashbacks Late-onset psychoactive substance-induced psychotic disorder Posthallucinogen perception disorder Residual:affective disorder | disorder of personality and behaviour ...

Definition: The schizophrenic disorders are characterized in general by fundamental and characteristic distortions of thinking and perception, and affects that are inappropriate or blunted. Clear consciousness and intellectual capacity are usually maintained although certain cognitive deficits may evolve in the course of time. The most important psychopathological phenomena include thought echo; thought insertion or withdrawal; thought broadcasting; delusional perception and delusions of control; influence or passivity; hallucina ...[+++]tory voices commenting or discussing the patient in the third person; thought disorders and negative symptoms. The course of schizophrenic disorders can be either continuous, or episodic with progressive or stable deficit, or there can be one or more episodes with complete or incomplete remission. The diagnosis of schizophrenia should not be made in the presence of extensive depressive or manic symptoms unless it is clear that schizophrenic symptoms antedate the affective disturbance. Nor should schizophrenia be diagnosed in the presence of overt brain disease or during states of drug intoxication or withdrawal. Similar disorders developing in the presence of epilepsy or other brain disease should be classified under F06.2, and those induced by psychoactive substances under F10-F19 with common fourth character .5.

distortion of perception | perception disorder | perceptual disturbance

delay/frequency distortion | delay distortion | group delay distortion | group-delay distortion | phase distortion

delay distortion [ delay/frequency distortion | delay frequency distortion | phase distortion | phase shift distortion | group delay distortion | envelope delay distortion | time delay distortion ]

degree of start-stop distortion

field non-linearity | line non-linearity

Definition: A syndrome of prominent impairment of recent and remote memory while immediate recall is preserved, with reduced ability to learn new material and disorientation in time. Confabulation may be a marked feature, but perception and other cognitive functions, including the intellect, are usually intact. The prognosis depends on the course of the underlying lesion. | Korsakov's psychosis or syndrome, nonalcoholic

· Alteration of intellectual functions, including increased self-confidence, magical thinking (feeling of being able to perform tasks more easily), distorted perception of time, space and self-image

It is the distortion of the sense of the others, that the other represents a risk to individual group identity, that appears to be rationale for violence.

Among these challenges, the report looks in particular at the potential need to decrease tax expenditure in direct taxation, the debt bias in direct taxation, VAT efficiency, possible options to "green" tax systems, the efficiency of tax collection and issues of tax evasion.

However, regardless of how distorted the information may be, and the measures we may take to state our case, year after year this negative perception continues to affect public opinion, referenda, and pan-European cooperation.