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The CoC foresees that the monitor (an independent outside observer who frequently represents an NGO or another independent monitoring body entrusted by a Member State with forced return monitoring tasks under Article 8(6) of the Directive) will be given all necessary information in advance of the operation and will be involved in the return process from the pre-return phase (internal briefings) until the post-return phase (debriefing).

Between 2006 and December 2013, FRONTEX coordinated 209 Joint Return Operations (JROs) returning 10 855 people.[11] Since 2007, FRONTEX has provided standardised training for return officers focusing on safeguarding returnees’ fundamental rights and dignity during forced return operations.[12] Since Article 8(6) of the Return Directive on forced return monitoring became binding in 2010, half of all JROs have been the subject of monitoring by independent monitors who were physically present from the start of the operation until arrival at the airport of destination.

Minors in return procedures Forced return monitoring Reintegration of returnees Situation of non-removable returnees Proper legal transposition of the Return Directive by Member States The practical impact of the Return Directive

A FRONTEX Code of Conduct (CoC) for JROs was adopted on 7 October 2013, focusing on effective forced return monitoring procedures and respect of returnees’ fundamental rights and dignity during return operations.