‘cutover or hot swapping’ means the approach of replacing European air traffic management network (EATMN) system components or software while the system is operational;

1. Whenever an organisation is required to implement a risk assessment and mitigation process in accordance with applicable Community or national law, it shall define and implement a software safety assurance system to deal specifically with EATMN software related aspects, including all on-line software operational changes, and in particular cutover or hot swapping.

1. Whenever an organisation is required to implement a risk assessment and mitigation process in accordance with applicable Community or national law, it shall define and implement a software safety assurance system to deal specifically with EATMN software related aspects, including all on-line software operational changes, and in particular cutover or hot swapping.

It is vital to inform citizens of these requirements and to encourage them, even when buildings are being renovated, to introduce smart metering systems (to replace the hot water and air-conditioning systems with energy efficient alternatives, such as reversible heat pumps).

Immediate/Short-termLonger term | Reduction in demand (e.g. smaller engines)Advanced high-efficiency ICEsImproved hybrid electric designs with petrol, diesel, biodieselBio-diesel; bio-ethanolCo-processing of biomass with fossil fuelsSynthetic fuels from gas/coal-Fischer-TropschBiofuels from ligno-cellulosic feedstocksElectric vehicles (EVs) with advanced battery electricity storageHydrogen with fuel cellsAir transport: hydrogen/gas turbine | Low/medium temperature solar thermal applications for hot water, heating, cooling, industrial processesCombined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT)Nuclear fission (Gen III/III+)Wind energy (including offshore/ ...[+++]deep offshore)System integration (grid issues)Solid biomassFuel cells (SOFC, MCFC)Geothermal energy (including deep geothermal – HDR/HFR)Carbon capture and storage (CCS)Cleaner use of coal (steam/gas turbine, combined cycle) with CCSAdvanced fossil fuel plants (super/ultra-supercritical steam; Integrated Gasification CC (IGCC), with CCSSolar photovoltaic (PV)Solar thermal power plantsOcean energy (wave, sea current)Nuclear fission – Generation IVNuclear fusion |

Presently, alternatives to cadmium batteries exist on the market in the form of nickel metal hydride batteries and in the longer term lithium-ion batteries will be available.