NRAs should mandate unbundled access to the fibre loop irrespective of the network architecture and technology implemented by the SMP operator.

in addition, whatever the type of the NGA network architecture that will benefit from State aid, it should support effective and full unbundling and satisfy all different types of network access that operators may seek (including but not limited to access to ducts, fibre and bitstream).

To some extent this is due to significant differences in network architectures in the US and EU, and particularly to technical limitations in US networks, where the length of the local loop makes xDSL deployment impossible for up to 60% of US households.

To some extent this is due to significant differences in network architectures in the US and EU, and particularly to technical limitations in US networks, where the length of the local loop makes xDSL deployment impossible for up to 60% of US households.

- Ubiquitous and large capacity communication networks: reconfigurable and flexible mobile and broadband network technologies systems and architectures including terrestrial and satellite networks; convergence of different fixed, mobile, wireless and broadcasting networks and services spanning from the personal area to the regional and global area; service-distribution infrastructure and architectures, interoperability of wired and wireless communications services and applications, management of networked resources (including efficiency and quality of services (QoS)) , service reconfigurability; complex networking of ad-hoc intelligen ...[+++]t multimedia devices, sensors and microchips.

From an individual workstation, and provided that the person concerned has the requisite knowledge, the architecture of the network can be established and substantial volumes of information can be obtained, using the same techniques employed by an outside hacker and other techniques available only to persons working from within.