43. The Member States concerned shall lay down in national law the modalities for implementing the provisions of paragraph 1 and the consequences of decisions pursuant to those provisions in accordance with the principle of non-refoulement under the Geneva Convention, including providing for exceptions from the application of this Article for humanitarian or political reasons or for reasons of public international law.

Recognises that immigration policy has become a priority on the EU's internal and external policy agenda and that in its texts the EU has been attempting to link immigration and development and to ensure that the fundamental rights of immigrants are respected; maintains, however, that the reality on the ground belies those texts; stresses that agreements for the readmission of illegal immigrants must be concluded with countries having the legal and institutional machinery needed in order to handle the readmission of their nationals and protect their rights; stresses the need to ensure that the implementation of such readmission agreements fully respects the principle of non-refoulement ...[+++], and to ensure access to a fair asylum procedure; calls for effective monitoring of the treatment of persons returned under readmission agreements, in particular with regard to possible ‘chain refoulement’;

1. The Union shall develop a common policy on asylum, subsidiary protection and temporary protection with a view to offering appropriate status to any third-country national requiring international protection and ensuring compliance with the principle of non-refoulement.

4. The Member States concerned shall lay down in national law the modalities for implementing the provisions of paragraph 1 and the consequences of decisions pursuant to those provisions in accordance with the principle of non-refoulement under the Geneva Convention, including providing for exceptions from the application of this Article for humanitarian or political reasons or for reasons of public international law.

Extradition may, however, be impossible because of legal obstacles: the protection against refoulement provided for in human rights instruments such as the United Nations Convention against Torture, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights is absolute in nature, that is to say it admits no exceptions.

1. The Union shall develop a common policy on asylum, subsidiary protection and temporary protection with a view to offering appropriate status to any third-country national requiring international protection and ensuring compliance with the principle of non-refoulement.