causal thinking

cause-effect relationship

causal relationship analysis item

locus of causality

causal relationship

causal link [ causal-consecutive correlation ]

analysis of causes [ causality | cause-effect ]

cause-effect relation

Asian Regional Conference on Exploitation of Women and Children: its causes and effects

The failure to rule within a reasonable time period caused the applicant three types of loss between 12 February 2010 and 27 September 2012: (1) increased costs related to a bank guarantee for the amount of the fine that the applicant did not immediately pay to the Commission following the adoption of decision No C(2007)5791 final of 28 November 2007 in Case COMP/39165 — Flat glass; (2) opportunity costs because the low rate of interest on the amount of the fine belatedly returned to the applicant following the Court of Justice’s judgment in 2014 was much lower than the potential return that the applicant could have achieved if, instead ...[+++] of paying this money to the Commission in 2008, it had invested it in its business; and (3) non-pecuniary damages due to the decision wrongly having imposed the highest fine on the applicant in November 2007 and, due to the General Court’s failure to adjudicate within a reasonable time, this only being belatedly remedied by the Court of Justice in November 2014.

In that connection the General Court: (1) found, incorrectly, that the fact that the measure which has an adverse effect on the individual members of the applicant association also affects other does not preclude those members from being individually concerned; (2) found, incorrectly, that only the relevant members had claimed to be in competition with the recipients of the aid; and (3) thereby failed, incorrectly, to accord weight to the specific calculations which the appellants had submitted showing that the aid would inevitably have an adverse effect on their market position; and (4) in addition to the error referred to in (1), in ...[+++]correctly failed to see that the measure having an adverse effect is not the same for all operators; (5) incorrectly assumed that the appellants must provide proof of loss of income which has already occurred in order to have standing to bring proceedings; (6) incorrectly dismissed claims of adverse effect on the basis of other, undocumented causes of the adverse effect; and (7) ruled out the possibility of easing the requirements for having standing on the ground that the Commission’s decision to allow the aid under Article 107(3)(c) had not been dealt with administratively on its merits.

the positive social impact being targeted by the investment policy of the qualifying social entrepreneurship fund, including, where relevant, projections of such outcomes as may be reasonable, and information on past performance in this area;

The Authority concluded that for one claim on the effect of fats on the normal absorption of fat soluble vitamins and another claim on the effect of sodium on the maintenance of normal muscle function a cause and effect relationship has been established.