E. whereas the employment rate for third-country nationals between the ages of 20 and 64 is on average 10 % lower than the corresponding rate for nationals across the EU, and in addition many migrants are working in jobs below their level of qualification or in precarious situations, a phenomenon that can be counteracted by extending the scope of universally applicable collective labour agreements where they exist; whereas the demand for skilled workers is rising and will rise at a faster rate than that for less-skilled workers, but the average educational level of third-country nationals is below that of EU nationals, and young people with a migrant background are at greater risk of exiting the education and training system without having obtained ...[+++] an upper secondary qualification;

E. whereas the employment rate for third-country nationals between the ages of 20 and 64 is on average 10 % lower than the corresponding rate for nationals across the EU, and in addition many migrants are working in jobs below their level of qualification or in precarious situations, a phenomenon that can be counteracted by extending the scope of universally applicable collective labour agreements where they exist; whereas the demand for skilled workers is rising and will rise at a faster rate than that for less-skilled workers, but the average educational level of third-country nationals is below that of EU nationals, and young people with a migrant background are at greater risk of exiting the education and training system without having obtained ...[+++] an upper secondary qualification;

six years of elementary education, three years of lower secondary school, three years of secondary vocational education with rail transport specialisation, as well as a course of 22 days preparing for work as a train manager, a probationary training period of three days under supervision and passing the qualification examination.

six years of elementary education, three years of lower secondary school, three years of secondary vocational education, with rail transport specialisation, as well as a course of 29 days preparing for work as a train dispatcher, a probationary training period of five days under supervision and passing the qualification examination’.

The Commission, in its Communication on Tackling Early School Leaving, refers to early school leavers as individuals between the age of 18 and 24 who have left education and training with only lower secondary education or less.

Regulated courses preparatory to the pursuit of the professions of technical assistant ("technische(r) Assistent(in)"), commercial assistant ("kaufmännische(r) Assistent(in)"), social professions ("soziale Berufe") and the profession of State-certified respiration and elocution instructor ("staatlich geprüfte(r) Atem-, Sprech- und Stimmlehrer(in)"), of a total duration of at least 13 years, which require successful completion of the secondary course of education ("mittlerer Bildungsabschluss") and which comprise :