When you look at transfer taxes, there are many reasons that companies go about pricing different products in different countries.

· To encourage investment, businesses require access to critical inputs, and in particular, energy and raw materials, at affordable prices that reflect international cost conditions.

Turkish Hydromx International won the award for their energy-efficient heat transfer fluid for heating and cooling.

The conditions which may be imposed by the Commission may include, but are not limited to, burden-sharing requirements, including a requirement that losses are first absorbed by equity, and requirements as to contributions by hybrid capital holders, subordinated debt holders and senior creditors, including in accordance with the requirements of Directive 2014/59/EU; restrictions on the payment of dividends on shares or coupons on hybrid capital instruments, on the repurchase of own shares or hybrid capital instruments, or on capital management transactions; restrictions on acquisitions of stakes in any undertaking either through an asset or share transfer; ...[+++] prohibitions against aggressive commercial practices or strategies, or advertising support from public aid; requirements concerning market shares, pricing, product features or other behavioural requirements; requirements for restructuring plans; governance requirements; reporting and disclosure requirements, including as regards compliance with such conditions as may be specified by the Commission; requirements relating to the sale of the beneficiary or of all or part of its assets, rights and liabilities; requirements relating to the liquidation of the beneficiary.

If someone had decided they were going to set up a company in Oman, Azerbaijan, or Gabon, sell their oil to it, and then buy it back for double the amount, thereby trying to shelter profits over there, the transfer pricing rules ought to step in and say, no, the commodity was worth this; it's generated this much profit in Canada; there's been no value added by running it through this foreign entity; and for purposes of taxation in Canada, we're going to treat that as essentially a non-event.

In particular, a national regulatory authority may require a vertically integrated company to make transparent its wholesale prices and its internal transfer prices inter alia to ensure compliance where there is a requirement for non-discrimination under Article 10 or, where necessary, to prevent unfair cross-subsidy.