The aim is to address situations where a taxpayer seeks to hide capital representing income or assets for which taxes have not been paid.

Question No. 552 Mr. Hoang Mai: With regard to tax evasion and its effects on the Canadian economy: (a) does the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) publish estimates of the tax gap caused by offshore tax avoidance, and, (i) if so, which method does the government utilize to calculate this gap, (ii) if not, why not; (b) what is the 10-year trend for (i) the number of transfer pricing audits, (ii) the budgeting for and Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) staffing of auditors dealing with transfer pricing audit; (c) what is the amount of annual ...[+++]capital flow from Canada to the United States resulting from bilateral trade mispricing (i) per capital flow, (ii) by proportion of total trade, (iii) per tax loss; (d) what is the amount of annual capital flow from Canada to the European Union resulting from bilateral trade mispricing (i) per capital flow, (ii) by proportion of total trade, (iii) per tax loss; (e) what is the amount of annual capital flow resulting from multilateral trade mispricing (i) per capital flow, (ii) by proportion of total trade, (iii) per tax loss; (f) what are the internal deadlines set by the Exchange of Information (EOI) Services (CRA) as concerns responses to EOI requests received, (i) how many EOI requests received does the CRA deal with per year, (ii) what is the 10-year trend for EOI requests received by the CRA, (iii) what is the median response time for an EOI request received by the CRA, (iv) from which jurisdiction does the CRA receive the most EOI requests, (v) from which jurisdiction does the CRA request the most EOIs; (g) does Canada collaborate with its EOI partners to ensure the EOI provisions are not restricted, and, if so, (i) with which jurisdictions, (ii) to what specific ends, (iii) have there been any changes to the CRA approach as a result of these collaborations; (h) how prevalent are bearer shares in Canada, (i) what measures exist to ensure that ownership information is available with no exceptions, (ii) are all nominees obliged to ma ...

First, the Council recalls that, as personal income taxes are not harmonised across the EU, Member States are free to adopt their own laws so as to meet their domestic policy objectives and requirements, provided that they exercise that competence consistently with the fundamental Treaty principles of free movement of workers, services and capital and the freedom of establishment.

Even inflation rates which are apparently only minimally higher signify considerable costs to the national economy, which must not be underestimated: inflation reduces the information content of price relationships, makes financial transactions more expensive and makes it difficult to make provision for old age, inasmuch as in interaction with our tax systems they have the effect of a supplementary tax on returns in capital and inhibit the creation of capital.

El Decreto-ley en materia tributaria' (2003), 'Hecho imponible y cuantificación de la prestación tributaria' (1978); 'La unidad familiar como sujeto en el ordenamiento tributario español' (1980); 'Régimen fiscal de determinados activos financieros' (1985); 'Tributación de entidades de previsión social' (1990); 'El tipo de gravamen' (1991); 'Aspectos fiscales de la libre circulación de capitales en la Comunidad Europea' (1992); 'Incrementos patrimoniales por operaciones entre no residentes' (1993); 'La eficacia de la voluntad de las partes en las obligaciones tributarias' (1996); 'Las nuevas reglas de determinación de la base impo ...[+++]nible en el Impuesto sobre Sociedades' (1997); 'La Directiva 90/435/CE relativa al Régimen Fiscal Común aplicable a las sociedades matrices y filiales.

2. There shall be regarded as taxes on income and on capital, irrespective of the manner in which they are levied, all taxes imposed on total income, on total capital, or on elements of income or of capital, including taxes on gains from the disposal of movable or immovable property, taxes on the amounts of wages or salaries paid by enterprises, as well as taxes on capital appreciation.