(-1) 'closed aquaculture system' means aquaculture facilities where fish and other aquatic products are farmed in closed recirculation systems which retain and treat the water within the system, minimising water use. Such systems are usually land–based and re–use virtually all of the water initially put into the system;

(ab) promotion of closed system aquaculture where fish and other aquatic products are farmed in closed recirculation systems, minimizing water use.

‘Closed loop recycling’ means recycling a waste product into the same kind of product; for ‘secondary material’ arising from a manufacturing process (such as leftovers or remnants), ‘closed loop recycling’ means that the materials are used again in the same process.

The text may have been designed with the dominant ‘open loop’ or 4-party payment systems in mind – but not proprietary ‘closed loop’ systems (for which this Article is disproportionate and inappropriate).

c. Controlled closed systems: The specifications given in the Commission proposal for a controlled closed system would allow releases and are as such contradictory to the concept of controlled closed systems.

Given that no significant quantities of the chemical are expected to reach humans and the environment during the production and use of a closed-system site-limited intermediate, a Party, upon notification to the Secretariat, may allow the production and use of quantities of a chemical listed in this Annex as a closed-system site-limited intermediate that is chemically transformed in the manufacture of other chemicals that, taking into consideration the criteria in paragraph 1 of Annex D, do not exhibit the characteristics of persistent organic pollutants.