single chine hull

hard-chine hull

single hulled tanker

(c) be so constructed that, if the shell plating or turn of bilge plating is deformed or penetrated by ice, any internal stiffening structure will buckle before it penetrates the inner side of the tank; and

In 2002, following a series of accidents involving oil tankers which resulted in serious pollution, the EU adopted a law requiring the phase-out of the more vulnerable single-hull oil tankers (where oil in the cargo tanks is separated from the seawater only by a bottom and a side plate) and their replacement by double-hull vessels (where the cargo tanks are surrounded by a second internal plate at a sufficient distance from the external plate).

2. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, oil tankers of Category 2 or Category 3 which are equipped only with double bottoms or double sides not used for the transport of oil and extending for the whole length of the cargo tank, or with double-hulled spaces not used for the transport of oil and extending for the whole length of the cargo tank, but which do not meet the conditions for exemption from the provisions of Regulation 20.1.3 of Annex I to MARPOL 73/78, may continue to be operated, but not beyond the anniversary of the date of delivery of the ship in the year 2015 or the date on which the ship reaches the age of 25 ye ...[+++]ars from its date of delivery, whichever is the sooner.

In the Canada Shipping Act there is already a provision dealing with the ability of a supplier of goods to a bare-boat charter only to a bare-boat charter and that there has to be a contractual nexus between the two.