I first discovered [that ratification did not mean that a treaty was necessarily enforceable in Canadian law] a month or two into my first public international law course. and I was horrified.

Born 1949; Uppsala University, B.A. in economics 1974, LLM 1977; Administrative Officer at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1977); member of the Swedish Bar Association (from 1983); member of the competition law working group of ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) Sweden; Lecturer in competition law at Lund University and Stockholm University; author of numerous publications; Judge at the General Court since 18 March 2013.

Born in 1950; Doctor of Laws and lawyer at the Padua Bar; Assistant lecturer and senior researcher in civil and comparative law in the law faculty of the University of Padua (1977-82); Lecturer in Community law at the European College of Parma (1990-98), in the law faculties of the University of Padua (1985-87), the University of Macerata (1991-94) and the University of Naples (1995), and at the University of Milan (2000-01); Member of the Scientific Committee for the Master’s in European Integration at the University of Padua; Official at the Court of Justice, in the Library, Research and Documentation Directorate (1982-84); Legal ...[+++] Secretary to Advocate General Mancini (1984-88); Legal Adviser to the Secretary-General of the European Parliament, Mr Enrico Vinci (1988-93); also, at the same institution: Head of Division in the Legal Service (1995-99); Director for Legislative Affairs and Conciliations, Inter-Institutional Relations and Relations with National Parliaments (1999-2004); Director for External Relations (2004-06); Director for Legislative Affairs in the Legal Service (2006-11); author of a number of publications on Italian civil law and European Union law; Judge at the Civil Service Tribunal since 6 October 2011.

EUROPA - EU law and publications - EUR-Lex - EUR-Lex - 62009CA0236 - EN - Case C-236/09: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 1 March 2011 (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Cour constitutionnelle (Belgium)) — Association Belge des Consommateurs Test-Achats ASBL, Yann van Vugt, Charles Basselier v Conseil des ministres (Reference for a preliminary ruling — Fundamental rights — Combating discrimination — Equal treatment for men and women — Access to and supply of goods and services — Insurance premiums and benefits — Actu ...[+++]arial factors — Sex as a factor in the assessment of insurance risks — Private life assurance contracts — Directive 2004/113/EC — Article 5(2) — Derogation not subject to any temporal limitation — Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Articles 21 and 23 — Invalidity) // Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 1 March 2011 (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Cour constitutionnelle (Belgium)) — Association Belge des Consommateurs Test-Achats ASBL, Yann van Vugt, Charles Basselier v Conseil des ministres // (Case C-236/09) - ( // (Reference for a preliminary ruling - Fundamental rights - Combating discrimination - Equal treatment for men and women - Access to and supply of goods and services - Insurance premiums and benefits - Actuarial factors - Sex as a factor in the assessment of insurance risks - Private life assurance contracts - Directive 2004/113/EC - Article 5(2) - Derogation not subject to any temporal limitation - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union - Articles 21 and 23 - Invalidity)

The main fields in which there have been failures to comply with the legislation either because it has not been transposed into national law or because the provisions of the Community legislation were not being complied with are the following: solid waste (three Member States were found by the Court of Justice in 2002 not to have introduced plans for waste management in accordance with the legislation on solid waste), water pollution by nitrates from agriculture (several adverse judgements from the Court of Justice), the treatment of ...[+++]urban waste water, water quality and, finally, compliance with the procedure for environmental impact assessments for various public and private projects.

Ms. Mackinnon: Absolutely, they do not know. I first discovered it a month or two into my first public international law course and only because I was taking it in order to moot in international law, and I was horrified.