This includes the use of low-power wireless access systems with a small-area operating range such as so called 'hotspots' of radio local area networks (RLAN, also known as 'Wi‑Fi'), as well as networks of low-power small size cellular access points (also called femto-, pico- or metrocells).

Member States should therefore conduct a thorough analysis of competition effects prior to new spectrum allocations, as well as taking appropriate ex ante or ex post regulatory measures (such as action to amend existing rights, to prohibit certain acquisitions of spectrum rights, to impose conditions on spectrum hoarding and efficient use such as those referred to in Article 9(7) of the Directive 2002/21/EC, to limit the amount of spectrum for each operator, or to avoid excessive accumulation of spectrum) to avoid distortions of competition in line with the principles underpinning Article 5(6) of Directive 2002/20/EC and Article 1(2) of ...[+++]Council Directive 87/372/EEC of 25 June 1987 on the frequency bands to be reserved for the coordinated introduction of public pan-European cellular digital land-based mobile communications in the Community (the ‘GSM Directive’).

Member States should therefore conduct a thorough analysis of competition effects prior to new spectrum allocations, as well as taking appropriate ex ante or ex post regulatory measures (such as action to amend existing rights, to prohibit certain acquisitions of spectrum rights, to impose conditions on spectrum hoarding and efficient use such as those referred to in Article 9(7) of the Directive 2002/21/EC, to limit the amount of spectrum for each operator, or to avoid excessive accumulation of spectrum) to avoid distortions of competition in line with the principles underpinning Article 5(6) of Directive 2002/20/EC and Article 1(2) of ...[+++]Council Directive 87/372/EEC of 25 June 1987 on the frequency bands to be reserved for the coordinated introduction of public pan-European cellular digital land-based mobile communications in the Community (the ‘GSM Directive’).

The solution for radio train-to-ground communication working today at FS is primarily based on the use of services supplied by the public operator on the analogue (ETACS) and the digital (GSM) mobile cellular networks in the 900 MHz band.

The solution for radio train-to-ground communication working today at FS is primarily based on the use of services supplied by the public operator on the analogue (ETACS) and the digital (GSM) mobile cellular networks in the 900 MHz band.

(21) Whereas the second generation cellular digital mobile communications systems were originally defined in Council Directive 87/372/EEC of 25 June 1987 on the frequency bands to be reserved for the coordinated introduction of public pan-European cellular digital land-based mobile communications in the Community (12) as operating in the 900 MHz bands; whereas DCS-1800 has to be considered as part of the GSM family and of such second generation; whereas the Community should build on the success of the current generation of mobile digital technology including GSM both in Europe and in the world, taking into consideration interworking be ...[+++]tween UMTS and second-generation systems; whereas there should be, pursuant to Community law, no discrimination between GSM operators and new entrants in UMTS markets; whereas UMTS should develop in one seamless environment including full roaming with GSM as well as between the terrestrial and satellite components of UMTS networks, which is likely to make hybrid terminals such as dual mode/band GSM/UMTS terminals and terrestrial/satellite terminals necessary;