According to reports in the international press, in the first few months of 2009, the Israeli air force has carried out three raids on supposed targets in Sudan which were transporting arms to the Gaza Strip.

For instance, Omar's building and planting of improvised explosive devices may have killed or injured people taking no active part in hostilities, in violation of, first, the prohibition on murder in common article 3 to the Geneva conventions; second, the prohibition on attacking civilians in article 13.2 of additional protocol 2; and thirdly, the prohibition on indiscriminate attacks against civilians in article 51.4 of additional protocol 1.

IS ENCOURAGED by the positive, forward-looking contributions made in discussions on future action to tackle climate change at the UNFCCC Seminar of Governmental Experts in May 2005; WELCOMES the commitment of the G8 countries to moving forward the global discussion on long-term co-operative action to address climate change at the UN Climate Change Conference in Montreal in December 2005. RECOGNISES that Article 3(9) of the Kyoto Protocol provides that the first Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Protocol shall initiate the consideration of further commitments to be undertaken by developed countries at ...[+++] least seven years before the end of the first commitment period; and STRESSES that the COP/MOP should therefore initiate such considerations at its first meeting in December 2005 in Montreal; RECALLS also that Article 9 provides for a first review of the Kyoto Protocol at the second session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Protocol, and that this review is to be coordinated with pertinent reviews under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In preparing for COP 11 - COP/MOP 1, LOOKS FORWARD to initiating a process among all Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to explore how further to implement this Convention to achieve its ultimate objective by developing a post 2012 arrangement, building on the experiences to date in tackling climate change, including inter alia market-based instruments, focusing in particular on environmental effectiveness, improving cost-efficiency, broadening participation in line with common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, advancing development goals in a sustainable manner, building a global carbon market, exploiting the full potential of existing technologies and exploring new ones as well as tackling adaptation; and STRESSES the need for a clear timetable for such a process, ...

Though the solidarity clause of Article I-43, offers a legal basis for a concerted post-terrorist attack reaction, the question must be raised as to not only how the EU would respond in reaction to such an attack, but, more significantly, what the Union can do to prevent such an attack?

Furthermore, by deciding that article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty applied, a priori, to the terrorist attacks on the United States, NATO decided to implement a mechanism of military solidarity according to which an attack against one member is considered an attack against all.

The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to ...[+++]restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.