Recital 45 states that the substantial medical benefit for man and animal referred to in Article 6(2)(d) must be present in the field of research, prevention, diagnosis and therapy.

Recital 45 states that the substantial medical benefit for man and animal referred to in Article 6(2)(d) must be present in the field of research, prevention, diagnosis and therapy.

14. Believes, furthermore, that national and European rules governing this area ought to state clearly that genetic testing should be used only for investigative, preventive, therapeutic or medical research purposes, and on the basis of proper medical advice, as stipulated in Article 12 of the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, as well as of full respect for the fundamental rights of the individual and, in particular, those relating to confidentiality and personal data protection, as already enshrined in law at national and Community level;

The report drawn up by the European committee against torture in 1995 on conditions in Irish prisons draws attention to the lack of adequate medical care (no psychiatric service, very few nurses, very superficial medical examinations, etc.).

(45) Whereas processes for modifying the genetic identity of animals which are likely to cause them suffering without any substantial medical benefit in terms of research, prevention, diagnosis or therapy to man or animal, and also animals resulting from such processes, must be excluded from patentability;

RD activities are concentrated on the following topics : health care through the reduction of negative influences, humane application of new technologies, transformation of scientific knowledge in order to create humane conditions of work, improvement of conditions of work in selected branches and on analysis and evaluation of future developments.