En outre, selon l'étude « Employment and Working Conditions of Academic Staff in Europe [73]: A Comparative Study in the European Community », divers systèmes d'enseignement supérieur disposent de mécanismes traditionnels de négociation individuelle entre les membres du personnel universitaire, d'une part, et les représentants de l'employeur (Etat ou dirigeants d'institution), d'autre part.
Furthermore, according to the study "Employment and Working Conditions of Academic Staff in Europe [73]: A Comparative Study in the European Community" various higher education systems have traditional mechanisms of individual bargaining between members of academic staff on the one hand and representatives of the employer (state authority or institutional leaders) on the other hand.