1. DHS shall ensure that appropriate technical measures and organisational arrangements are implemented to protect personal data and personal information contained in PNR against accidental, unlawful or unauthorised destruction, loss, disclosure, alteration, access, processing or use.

In recent years, trade secrets have become increasingly vulnerable to espionage attacks from the outside,[33] in particular due to enhanced data exchange and use of the internet, and they are also more and more threatened from the inside of the company: according to a private sector study, employee theft of sensitive information, e.g., is ten times costlier than accidental loss on a per-incident basis.[34] In other circumstances however, trade secrets can also be invoked to withhold critical information to hamper innovation and technical developments by competitors.

EUROPA - EU law and publications - EUR-Lex - EUR-Lex - 32005D2113 - EN - Decision No 2113/2005/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2005 amending Decision No 2256/2003/EC with a view to extension of the programme in 2006 for the dissemination of good practices and monitoring of the take-up of information and communication technologies (ICTs) (Text with EEA relevance) - DECISION - No 2113/2005/EC - OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL // of 14 December 2005 // amending Decision No 2256/2003/EC with a view to extension of the programme in 2006 for the dissemination of good practices and monitoring of the t ...[+++]ake-up of information and communication technologies (ICTs) // Multiannual programme for the monitoring of eEurope, dissemination of good practices and the improvement of network and information security (Modinis)

The general Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC requires in article 17 controllers and processors to take measures to ensure a level of security appropriate to the risks represented by the processing and the nature of the data to be protected in particular if the processing involves the transmission of data over a network. They must implement appropriate technical and organisational measures against accidental or unlawful destruction or accidental loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure or access, in particular where the processing involves the transmission of data over a network, and against all other unlawful forms of processing.. The ...[+++]se provisions have implications for security requirements on networks and information systems used by those persons and organisations for instance e-commerce service providers. The pan-European nature of services and greater trans-border competition lead to increasing need for specification of the means to put in place in order to comply with these provisions.

- costs deriving directly from the requirements of the agreement (dissemination of information, specific evaluation of the operation, translation, reproduction, etc.), including, where appropriate, financial service costs (in particular the cost of financial guarantees), but not including exchange risks unless these are expressly provided for in the agreement.

- costs deriving directly from the requirements of the agreement (dissemination of information, specific evaluation of the operation, translation, reproduction, etc.), including, where appropriate, financial service costs (in particular the cost of financial guarantees), but not including exchange risks unless these are expressly provided for in the agreement;