Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure | European Research Infrastructure Consortium for the Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure | CLARIN [Abbr.] | CLARIN ERIC [Abbr.]

language skills [ CEFR | Common European Framework of Reference for Languages | foreign language competence | language competence | language proficiency | language qualifications ]

CEF | Common European Framework of Reference for Languages | Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment | CEFR [Abbr.]

Definition: The main feature is a specific and significant impairment in the development of reading skills that is not solely accounted for by mental age, visual acuity problems, or inadequate schooling. Reading comprehension skill, reading word recognition, oral reading skill, and performance of tasks requiring reading may all be affected. Spelling difficulties are frequently associated with specific reading disorder and often remain into adolescence even after some progress in reading has been made. Specific developmental disorders of reading are commonly preceded by a history of disorders in speech or ...[+++]language development. Associated emotional and behavioural disturbances are common during the school age period. | Backward reading Developmental dyslexia Specific reading retardation

Definition: A specific developmental disorder in which the child's understanding of language is below the appropriate level for its mental age. In virtually all cases expressive language will also be markedly affected and abnormalities in word-sound production are common. | Congenital auditory imperception Developmental:dysphasia or aphasia, receptive type | Wernicke's aphasia | Word deafness

Definition: This block contains a wide variety of disorders that differ in severity and clinical form but that are all attributable to the use of one or more psychoactive substances, which may or may not have been medically prescribed. The third character of the code identifies the substance involved, and the fourth character specifies the clinical state. The codes should be used, as required, for each substance specified, but it should be noted that not all fourth character codes are applicable to all substances. Identification of the psychoactive substance should be based on as many sources of information as possible. These include self-report data, analysis of blood and other body fluids, characteristic physical and psychological symptom ...[+++]s, clinical signs and behaviour, and other evidence such as a drug being in the patient's possession or reports from informed third parties. Many drug users take more than one type of psychoactive substance. The main diagnosis should be classified, whenever possible, according to the substance or class of substances that has caused or contributed most to the presenting clinical syndrome. Other diagnoses should be coded when other psychoactive substances have been taken in intoxicating amounts (common fourth character .0) or to the extent of causing harm (common fourth character .1), dependence (common fourth character .2) or other disorders (common fourth character .3-.9). Only in cases in which patterns of psychoactive substance-taking are chaotic and indiscriminate, or in which the contributions of different psychoactive substances are inextricably mixed, should the diagnosis of disorders resulting from multiple drug use (F19.-) be used. | Modifiers The following fourth-character subdivisions are for use with categories F10-F19: Code Title .0 Acute intoxication A condition that follows the administration of a psychoactive substance resulting in disturbances in level of consciousness, cognition, perception, affect or behaviour, o ...

Language commonly spoken in Europe

minority language [ disappearing language | endangered language | threatened language ]

The Common Reference Scales of the Council of Europe's Common European Framework of Reference for Language [8] provide a good basis for schemes to describe individuals' language skills in an objective, practical, transparent and portable manner.

Strengthening the integration component of admission procedures, e.g. through pre-departure measures such as information packages and language and civic orientation courses in the country of origin Organising introduction programmes and activities for newly arrived third-country nationals to acquire basic knowledge about language, history, institutions, socio-economic features, cultural life and fundamental values Offering courses at several levels taking into account different educational backgrounds and previous knowledge of the country Reinforcing the capacity of introduction programmes and activities for dependants of persons subject ...[+++] to admission procedures, women, children, elderly, illiterate persons and people with disabilities Increasing the flexibility of introduction programmes through part-time and evening courses, fast track modules, distance and e-learning systems Targeting introduction activities at young third-country nationals with specific social and cultural problems related to identity issues, including mentoring and role-model programmes Pooling resources enabling adjacent municipalities to offer different types of courses | Stimulating trans-national actions, e.g. adaptation of good practices to different contexts, exchange of personnel, joint development of programmes, common dissemination of results Supporting innovative integration programmes or models incorporating language and communication training, and the cultural, political and social characteristics of the host country |

Make greater use of European transparency tools and initiatives designed to support and promote language learning, such as the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, Europass, the European Language Portfolio and the European Language Label.

Since they are the source of many modern languages, the study of classical languages such as Ancient Greek and Latin can facilitate language learning, as well as contribute to the sustainability of our common heritage.